Emakhompyutha e-roulette
Ikhompyutha ilibala njani sikhatsi libhola, ngubani lowakha tekucala, nekutsi kufanele inembe kangakanani.
Ikhompyutha ye-roulette ibala sikhatsi selibhola ne-rotor kumasekhondi ekucala ekujikeleta bese isho incenye yelisondvo lapho libhola kufanele liwele khona. Edward Thorp naClaude Shannon bakha yekucala nga-1961, futsi Ema-Eudaemons akha letedijithali kusukela nga-1976. Lendlela idzinga kutsi kubheja kwemukelwe ngemuva kwekujikijela: ema-studio labukhoma nyalo avala kubheja ngesikhatsi sekujikijela, futsi iNevada ivimbe lamathuluzi kusukela nga-1985.
Kwakhiwa kanjani luhlelo lwekucala lwekhompyutha ye-roulette
Lomcabango wefika kuEdward Thorp entfwasahlobo ya-1955, ngesikhatsi asengumfundzi we-physics lophotfulile e-UCLA: lisondvo lelakhiwe kahle kakhulu kangangekutsi lingeke lichema kufanele lijikelete libholatinsitaLibholaLibhola lelincane leliphoswa emzileni lihamba ngakulolunye luhlangotsi kune-rotor. Emabhola alamuhla ayi-ivorine noma i-Teflon, 18–21 mm.Fundza konkhe → ngendlela lebikezelekako njengeplanethi. Watfwebula ngevidiyo lisondvo lelishibhile lelingangehhafu wesayizi, kunewashi lekubala emasekhondi esitfombeni, watfola kutsi alihlelekile kakhulu kangangekutsi alikwati kubikezelwa, futsi luhambo lwaseNevada nge-Ingongoni 1958 lwamkhombisa kutsi emasondvo emakhasino ajikeleta kahle. Ngemuva kwaloko i-blackjack yatsatsa indzawo. Nge-Lweti 1960, e-MIT, wacela Claude Shannon kutsi atfumele liphepha lakhe lekubala emakhadi ku-National Academy of Sciences; ekugcineni kwemhlangano Shannon wambuta kutsi yini lenye layisebentako, futsi umsebenti we-roulette wangena esitezi sangaphansi saShannon. Batsenga lisondvo lelisemtsetfweni eReno nga-$1,500, balibeka etafuleni ledzala le-billiard lelentiwe ngelitje, futsi babala sikhatsi selibhola nge-strobe light newashi lelifundvwa kuze kufike encenyeni yelikhulu yesekhondi. Ngekuphindzaphindza, emaphutsa abo ekubala sikhatsi ehla kusuka cishe ku-0.03 kuya ku-0.01 wesekhondi. Nge-Inhlaba 1961 ikhompyutha beyinema-transistor lalishumi nakubili futsi beyilingana nelibhokisi lagwayi: i-switch esicatfulweni, lebeyisetjentiswa ngeluzwane lolukhulu, beyibala sikhatsi se-rotortinsitaI-rotorIngcenye yelisondvo lejikeletako lephetse imigodzi.Fundza konkhe → nelibhola, futsi lizwi endlebeni yinye belisho sigabalisondvoSigabaIngcenye lelandzelanako yemigodzi elisondvweni, lehlukile kulicembu letinombolo elithebuleni lekubheja.Fundza konkhe → sinye kuletisiphohlongo telisondvo. ELas Vegas ngalelo hlobo Shannon wabala sikhatsi elisondvweni futsi wabhala phansi tinombolo njenganoma ngumuphi umdlali weluhlelo, ngesikhatsi Thorp abheja ema-dime ekugcineni lokukhashane kwelitafula. Kubikezela kwasebenta, kodvwa tintsambo letincane njengenwele letiya endlebeni betiphuka njalo, futsi kwake kwaba nemfati lobeseceleni kwaThorp lowagcolotela ngekwesaba sipikha lesihlume endlebeni yakhe. Abazange babheje ngalokucinile. Thorp wamemetela luhlelo lwekhompyutha ye-roulette nga-1966 futsi washicilela imininingwane nga-1979 nanga-1984.
Emakhompyutha ekucala edijithali
Umshini waThorp naShannon bewu-analog: isekhethi yawo beyiluhlelo lwawo, futsi kushintja indlela bekusho kuwuhlanganisa kabusha. I-microprocessor yasusa lowo mkhawulo. Alan Lewis, umfundzi e-Caltech, watsatsa ikhompyutha yedijithali layitakhela yona ekhaya ekhabhini yekhamera wayiyisa e-Circus Circus eLas Vegas nga-1972, wabala sikhatsi semasondvo asendzaweni lephakeme ngetulu kwematafula bese atfumela kubikezela ngemsakato kumlingani wakhe ngaphansi. Yasebenta, kodvwa ayizange yente imali; wefundza ngemuva kwesikhatsi kutsi bekashiye ngaphandle kutsambeka kwelisondvo. Kusukela nga-1976 licembu labafundzi be-physics eSanta Cruz, Ema-Eudaemons, lawenta lomsebenti ngalokuphelele. Batsenga lisondvo lelikhasino, bakala libhola, i-rotor, kutsambeka nekugcuma, futsi babhala ema-equation lanetilungiselelo letisihlanu umdlali labetilungisa elisondvweni ngalinye ngekuchofota ema-switch eluzwaneni cishe imizuzu lengemashumi lamabili ngaphambi kwekubheja. Ikhompyutha yabo beyisho sigaba sinye kuletisiphohlongo emasekhondini lambalwa ekujikeleteni. Etafuleni langempela nga-Bhimbidvwane 1978 yanika inzuzo labayibeka ku-25%; tinsita, lebetibotjelelwe emtimbeni futsi kamuva takhiwa etincatfulweni, tehluleka kanyenti kakhulu kune-physics (buka Ema-Eudaemons).
Kungani kubheja sekwephuzile bekubalulekile
Likhasino lingamisa kubikezela ngalokuphelele ngekwala kubheja nangabe libhola selijikijelwe. Thorp watfola kutsi cishe akukho lelakwenta loko: eReno, eLas Vegas, eLondon, eMonte Carlo, eNice, eVenice nasePuerto Rico umkhuba bekukumemeta kutsi “AkusabhejwainchuboAkusabhejwaKumemeta kwe-croupier (noma sikhumbuto esikrinini) lokuvala kubheja. Emathokheni akusavumelekile kubekwa, kunyakatiswa noma kususwa.Fundza konkhe →” kujikeleta kunye noma kubili ngaphambi kwekutsi libhola liwe. Lelo fasitelo yilo lelidzingwe ngulo lonkhe licebo lekubikezela kusukela ngaleso sikhatsi, kusuka kuma-Eudaemons kuya ekumemeteni sekwephuzile kwelicembu le-Ritz ku-racetracklitafulaI-racetrackUmucu lomise njengelicandza emathebuleni ekubheja labukhoma nalawe-elekthronikhi lokhombisa tinombolo ngekulandzelana kwato elisondvweni, losetjentiselwa kubeka kubheja kwabomakhelwane nekwetigaba ngekutsintsa kanye.Fundza konkhe →. INevada yakwenta kube licala kusebentisa emathuluzi ekubikezela nga-Inkhwekhweti 1985, futsi ema-studio labukhoma nyalo avala kubheja ngesikhatsi sekujikijela.
Emakhasino abuya alwa kanjani
Eminyakeni lapho kubheja bekusemukelwa ngemuva kwekujikijela, emakhasino alwa nebadlali labasolwa ngekusebentisa i-croupier. Tindzaba tebadlali beluhlelo lwaNorman Leigh eNice nga-1966 neticembu tekubikezela takamuva tichaza i-croupierbantfuI-croupierUmsebenti lophatse litafula le-roulette.Fundza konkhe → lensha ekujikeleteni ngakunye, libhola lelishintjiwe, kujikeleta lokufishane noma lokusheshako, litafula lelicinene ngebantfu belikhasino, futsi ekugcineni litafula lelivaliwe. Letindzaba tivela ngasehlangotsini lwebadlali futsi kumatima kuticinisekisa (Goldman, 2007). Nanoma kunjalo lamacebo ayavisiseka: kujikeleta lokufishane noma lokusheshako akukwati kucondzisa libhola emgodzinitinsitaUmgodziLesinye setikhala letingu-37 letinetinombolo ku-rotor. Kuphindze kutsiwe: slot, cup.Fundza konkhe →, kodvwa kuyaphazamisa sikhatsi lesikalwa ngumbikezeli.
Ingabe ema-croupier e-roulette angayicondzisa inombolo? Inganekwane
Kubikezela kufanele kube kuhle kangakanani
Thorp (1984) wabala kutsi kubikezela kubaluleke kangakanani nangabe liphutsa lako lilandzela ijika lensimbi: ekujikeleteni lokujwayelekile umgodzi lobikezelwe uphambuka ngemigodzi lengu-σ ngalolunye luhlangotsi noma ngalolunye. Bheja inombolo lebikezelwe yodvwa, noma yona kanye nabomakhelwanekubhejaBomakhelwaneInombolo kanye nemigodzi lemibili ngetinhlangotsi tonkhe letimbili elisondvweni, emathokheni lasihlanu e-straight up.Fundza konkhe → lababili ngasohlangotsini ngalunye, futsi inzuzo incike ku-σ kuphela. Kubikezela lokuphelele bekungawina yonkhe i-straight upkubhejaI-straight upInombolo yinye, kukhokha 35:1.Fundza konkhe →. Nga-σ = 10 wemigodzi, kunemba lakufinyelela Thorp naShannon, i-straight up ibuyisela cishe +44%, linani Thorp lalinika lithuluzi labo; kulandzisa kwakhe kwa-1998 kulibeka encenyeni yesiphohlongo levunwe kakhulu yelisondvo. Inzuzo yehla ngekushesha njengoba liphutsa likhula futsi iphela cishe emigodzini lengu-17 elisondvweni laseYurophu nalengu-16 elisondvweni laseMelika, lapho kubikezela kuphutsa cishe ngehhafu welisondvo. Luhlelo lwemaphutsa lwaThorp ngekwakhe lukhombisa kutsi kungani lowo mkhawulo useduze: emaphutsa lahlukene la-1.4 na-5.5 wemigodzi ekubaleni sikhatsi se-rotor nelibhola, la-7 ekuweni kwelibhola kuma-deflectortinsitaI-deflectorLesinye setivimbo tensimbi ku-apron letisakata libhola leliwako. Lamanye emagama: canoe, diamond, pin.Fundza konkhe → nala-6 ekugcumeni emigodzini ahlangana abe cishe ngu-10.8.
Imibuto
Cha. Akukho libhola. Inombolo ikhetfwa yi-software ngaphambi kwe-animation.
Abengaba sengotini yekubalwa kwesikhatsi, yingako kungekho nalinye lelisebenta ngaleyo ndlela.
Bumnandi betibalo
Zama loku ngekwakho kucala. Sixazululo ngasinye sifihliwe; sivule nawukulungele.
Kubheja kwebomakhelwanekubhejaBomakhelwaneInombolo kanye nemigodzi lemibili ngetinhlangotsi tonkhe letimbili elisondvweni, emathokheni lasihlanu e-straight up.Fundza konkhe → kubeka lithokheniimaliLithokheniLuphawu lolumele linani lelingagucuki, lolubekwa kulithebula lekubheja kute ubheje. Lelinye ligama: check.Fundza konkhe → linye enombolweni nasemigodzinitinsitaUmgodziLesinye setikhala letingu-37 letinetinombolo ku-rotor. Kuphindze kutsiwe: slot, cup.Fundza konkhe → lemibili ngakulolunye nalolunye luhlangotsi lwayo elisondvweni: emathokheni lasihlanu. Kubikezela kufanele kungene kangakhi kuleyo migodzi lesihlanu kute kulingane, futsi kutfola malini nangabe kulungile kanye kulokusihlanu?
Khombisa sixazululo
Imphendvulo Kuyalingana ku-5 ku-36, 13.9%, ngekucatsaniswa na-13.5% ngelitfuba lodvwa. Nakulungile kanye kulokusihlanu, kubuyisa 44% ngetulu kwaloko lokubhejiwe.
Nangabe kubheja kungena, lithokheni linye liwina 35 ku-1 futsi libuya nalokuwiniwe, emathokheni langu-36, kantsi lamane lasele ayalahleka. Ngako kungena kubuyisa 36 ku-5 lokubhejiwe, futsi kubheja kuyalingana nangabe kungena tikhatsi letingu-5 ku-36, 13.9%. Ngelitfuba kungena tikhatsi letingu-5 ku-37, 13.5%. Lowo mehluko lomncane, longaphansi kwengcenye yeliphuzu lephesenti, kulapho yonkhe i-2.70% ivela khona.
Kukungena kunye kulokusihlanu, 0.2 × 36 = emathokheni langu-7.2 abuya kuwo onkhe langu-5 labhejiwe, +44%. Kunye kulokune, +80%.
Yingako kwenyuka lokuncane kwekunemba kunelinani lelikhulu kangaka, futsi yingako emakhasino avala kubheja lokumenyetelwakolitafulaI-call betKubheja lokumenyetelwa ku-croupier esikhundleni sekubekwa ngesandla, kuvame kuba kubheja esigabeni selisondvo lokufana ne-voisins noma i-tiers. Lelinye ligama: “kubheja lokumenyetelwako”.Fundza konkhe → masinyane nakubhejwa imali lenkhulu: lowo mehluko lomncane yinzuzo yonkhe yelikhasino. Badlali be-Ritz bango-2004 kubikwa kutsi babheja ngalendlela.
Thorp wabala emaphutsa lamane latimele ekubikezeleni kwakhe, ngemigodzi: 1.4 ekulinganiseni sikhatsi se-rotortinsitaI-rotorIngcenye yelisondvo lejikeletako lephetse imigodzi.Fundza konkhe →, 5.5 ekulinganiseni sikhatsi selibholatinsitaLibholaLibhola lelincane leliphoswa emzileni lihamba ngakulolunye luhlangotsi kune-rotor. Emabhola alamuhla ayi-ivorine noma i-Teflon, 18–21 mm.Fundza konkhe →, 7 ekuweni kwelibhola licabeke ema-deflectortinsitaI-deflectorLesinye setivimbo tensimbi ku-apron letisakata libhola leliwako. Lamanye emagama: canoe, diamond, pin.Fundza konkhe → na-6 ekugcumeni emigodzini. Liphutsa lonkhe likhulu kangakanani, futsi emaphutsa lamabili ekulinganisa sikhatsi engeta malini?
Khombisa sixazululo
Imphendvulo Cishe imigodzi lengu-10.8 sewonkhe. Ngaphandle kwemaphutsa ekulinganisa sikhatsi bekungaba ngu-9.2, ngako kulinganisa sikhatsi lokubili kwengeta 1.6 kuphela.
Emaphutsa latimele awahlangani ngco; tikwele tawo tiyahlangana. Bukhulu lobujwayelekile beliphutsa lonkhe yimphandze yesikwele yesamba setikwele: 1.4² + 5.5² + 7² + 6² = 1.96 + 30.25 + 49 + 36 = 117.2, futsi √117.2 ≈ 10.8.
Ngaphandle kwemaphutsa lamabili ekulinganisa sikhatsi: √(49 + 36) = √85 ≈ 9.2.
Liphutsa lonkhe lemigodzi lengu-10.8 lingekhatsi kwemkhawulo wemigodzi lengu-17 ethebulini lelikulelikhasi futsi linelinani lelicishe libe ngu-+34% enombolweni yinye. Sifundvo Thorp lasitfola: nakusekuwa kwelibhola licabeke ema-deflector kuliphutsa lelikhulu kakhulu, kulinganisa sikhatsi lokuncono kutsenga lokuncane.
Lokuhlekisako
I-physics iyasebenta. Sikhatsi sekubheja savalwa.
Imitfombo
- Thorp, E. O. “Optimal gambling systems for favorable games.”
- Thorp, E. O. The Mathematics of Gambling.
- Thorp, E. O. “The invention of the first wearable computer.”
- Bass, T. A. The Eudaemonic Pie.
- Small, M. & Tse, C. K. “Predicting the outcome of roulette.”
- Goldman, N. Great Gambling Scams.
- Nevada Revised Statutes, chapter 465.