Ngubani lowasungula i-roulette? Umsuka we-roulette
Emasondvo lamanyenti, ligama linye, lidolobha lelagcina libhale phansi.
Kute umuntfu lobhalwe phansi njengalowasungula i-roulette. Umdlalo njengoba siwati uvela eParis ekupheleni kwelikhulu le-18, uhlanganisa lisondvo lelijikelekako lelivela emidlalweni yakadzeni kanye nelithebula lekubheja lelibolekwe emidlalweni yematafula yase-Italy neyaseNgilandi.
Bokhokho
Imidlalo lemitsatfu yakadzeni yaletsa tingcenye. Emasondvo e-E.O. (“even-odd”) aseNgilandi ema-1740 abenelisondvo lelijikelekako lelinemashumi lamane e-imigodzitinsitaUmgodziLesinye setikhala letingu-37 letinetinombolo ku-rotor. Kuphindze kutsiwe: slot, cup.Fundza konkhe → lebhalwe E noma O kanye ne-libholatinsitaLibholaLibhola lelincane leliphoswa emzileni lihamba ngakulolunye luhlangotsi kune-rotor. Emabhola alamuhla ayi-ivorine noma i-Teflon, 18–21 mm.Fundza konkhe → lelijikijelwa kulo; avinjelwa nga-1745 kodvwa achubeka adlalwa noma kunjalo. I-roly-poly, umdlalo wakadzeni waseNgilandi, beyifana nawo. Umdlalo we-lottery wase-Italy i-biribi, lokutsiwa wacala eGenoa cishe nga-1750 futsi waziwa eFulansi ngekutsi yi-cavagnole, bewusebentisa libhodi letinombolo letingu-70 badlali labebabheja kulo kanye nesikhwama lebekukhishwa kuso inombolo; inombolo leyiwinile beyibuyisela kangu-64 linani lelibhejwako, kufaka ekhatsi linani lelibhejwako (63 ku-1), ngako-ke umnikati welibhange bekagcina emayunithi la-6 kuwo onkhe langu-70 e-emayunithiimaliLiyunithiLinani lelibhejwako lelisisekelo luhlelo noma umdlali lasebenta ngalo. Kwenyuswa kwelinani kuchazwa ngemayunithi kute kusebente kunoma ngumuphi litafula.Fundza konkhe → labhejiwe, inzuzo yelikhasino lengu-8.57%. Casanova, lowawudlala ngema-1760, wawubita ngekutsi ngumdlalo webakhohlisi, futsi iFulansi yawuvimbela nga-1837. Waletsa umcondvo we-lithebula lekubhejatinsitaLithebula lekubhejaLithebula lekubheja leliphrintiwe etafuleni. Lamanye emagama: litafula, i-felt, indvwangu.Fundza konkhe → letinombolo lelinenkhokhelo ye-inkhokheloimaliInkhokheloLoko lokubuyiswa kubheja lokuwinile, lokushiwo ngekutsi “X ku-1” ngetulu kwelinani lelibhejiwe lelibuyiswako.Fundza konkhe → lenkhulu kakhulu. I-hoca, lebeyidlalwa enkantolo yenkhosi yaseFulansi ngema-1600, beyinetinombolo letingemashumi lamatsatfu kanye ne-inzuzo yelikhasinotibaloInzuzo yelikhasinoIncenye yelinani ngalinye lelibhejiwe leligcinwa likhasino ngesilinganiso: 2.70% ku-roulette yaseYurophu.Fundza konkhe → lebeyakhelwe etikhaleni lebetigcinelwe likhasino. Kute nawunye wato lokuyi-roulette; kodvwa kanyekanye bangubatali bayo.
I-hoca enkantolo yenkhosi yaseFulansi: tinombolo letingemashumi lamatsatfu, tikhala telikhasino. Yavinjelwa ngu-Louis XIV, yadlalwa noma kunjalo.
I-biribi e-Italy naseFulansi: libhodi lelinetinombolo, inombolo ikhishwa esikhwameni, ematfuba lamancane kakhulu.
Emasondvo e-E.O. etindlini tekugembula taseNgilandi: lisondvo lelijikelekako, libhola, lelinganako noma lengalingani. Avinjelwa nga-1745.
IParis ihlanganisa lisondvo nelithebula lekubheja lelinetinombolo. Kokubili 0 na-00 kuyimigodzi yelikhasino.
Umdlalo wasePalais-Royal lenoveli yaLablée (1801) lewuchaza ngemininingwane lebonakalako.
I-roulette yasungulwa kuphi? EParis, nga-1796
Inoveli La Roulette, ou le Jour yaJaques Lablée, leyashicilelwa nga-1801, ichaza lisondvo lasePalais-Royal nga-1796 lelinetinombolo 1 kuya ku-36, licandzalisondvoLicandzaUmgodzi munye loluhlata longambonjwa kubheja lokulingana nemali, kwelidazini noma kwelikholamu; umtfombo wenzuzo yelikhasino. Kuphindze kutsiwe: licandza linye, 0.Fundza konkhe → lelibovukubhejaBovuKubheja lokulingana nemali etinombolweni letingu-18 letibovu. NgesiFulentji: rouge.Fundza konkhe → kanye ne-licandza lelikabiliinhloboLicandza lelikabiliUmgodzi wa-00 welisondvo laseMelika. Kuba khona kwawo kukhulisa inzuzo yelikhasino kusuka ku-2.70% kuya ku-5.26%.Fundza konkhe → lelimnyamakubhejaMnyamaKubheja lokulingana nemali etinombolweni letingu-18 letimnyama. NgesiFulentji: noir.Fundza konkhe → lagcinelwe likhasino, kanye nelithebula lekubheja lelinekubheja kwangekhatsi ne-kubheja kwangephandlekubhejaKubheja kwangephandleKubheja emabhokisini latungelete lithebula letinombolo: emadazini, emakholamu nekubheja lokulingana nemali.Fundza konkhe → cishe njengoba kunjalo lamuhla. Yinchazelo yekucala lephelele futsi seyivele ingumdlalo walamuhla. IPalais-Royal beyiyindzawo yekugembula yaseParis, lenelayisensi futsi itselwa intsela, kwate kwaba kuvinjelwa kwanga-1837 kwaphushela umdlalo emadolobheni emanti lashisako aseJalimane.
Bad Homburg nemakhasino etindzawo te-spaKubheja kwangekhatsi nekwangephandle ku-roulette
Ligama
Roulette ngesiFulentjhi kusho “lisondvo lelincane”. Leligama belisetjentiswa kuyiminye imidlalo yemasondvo ngaphambi kwekutsi licine kulona: umtsetfo wanga-1758 we-New France, likoloni laseFulansi emfuleni i-St Lawrence, bewuvele uvimbela “emadayisi, i-hoca, i-faro kanye ne-roulette”, njengoba kubika Shelley (1988), ngaphandle kwekusho kutsi leyo roulette beyibukeka njani. Emitfombeni yakadzeni yesiNgisi umdlalo ngaletinye tikhatsi ubitwa ngekutsi “roulet” noma uchazwa ngekutsi “yi-E.O. yaseFulansi”. Ngema-1820 “roulette” bekusho umdlalo munye locondzile yonkhe indzawo eYurophu.
Emacandza lamabili
Emasondvo ekucala aseParis abene-0 na-00, lokwanika likhasino inzuzo yelikhasino lengu-5.26% kulisondvo lelinemigodzi lengu-38. Lisondvo lelinelicandza linye laba linyatselo lekuhweba lebazalwane bakaBlanc e-Bad Homburg nga-1843, lelaklanyelwa kudvonsa badlali kusuka etindzaweni temanti lashisako letiphikisanako. Lisondvo laseMelika lagcina emacandza omabili ngobe umdlalo bewufike eMelika ngaphambi kwalolushintjo futsi kute umuntfu lapho lobekanembangi lekufanele ayehlisele emanani. Lamanye emasondvo ekucala aseMelika aya embili kakhulu: lithebula lelinye lelikhulu le-19 belinetinombolo 1 kuya ku-28 kuphela kanye na-0, 00 nelukhozi, likhokha inombolo yinye 27 nga-1, inzuzo yelikhasino lengu-12.90%, futsi litsatsa 9.68% ku-emakholamukubhejaLikholamuTinombolo letilishumi nakubili emgceni munye lome ngco kulithebula lekubheja, kukhokha 2:1.Fundza konkhe → alo nasemibaleni. Akuzange kuhlale.
Kungani yasakateka
I-roulette ayidzingi likhono, iphetfwa njalo ngemzuzu, futsi ivumela noma ngabe ngubangakhi badlali kutsi babheje ngesikhatsi sinye bamelene nelikhasino lelingeke lilahlekelwe ekuhambeni kwesikhatsi. Kumcondzisi ngumdlalo lofanele: uyashesha, ulula, uyakhuliseka futsi unenzuzo ngelizinga lelatiwako. Kuhulumende uyatselwa intsela. Umdlalo walandzela imali nemalayisensi kusuka eParis kuya eHomburg kuya eMonaco kuya yonkhe indzawo.
I-roulette yaseMonte CarloKuhlangana ngekuhamba kwesikhatsi: Umtsetfo wetinombolo letinkhulu ku-roulette
Loko lokungakashintji
Lithebula lekubheja, tinkhokhelo (36/n − 1), kulandzelana lokungashintji kwemjikeleto kanye nendzima ye-croupier kuyafana encazelweni yaLablée nakulokusakatwa bukhoma lamuhla. Kulandzelana kwetinombolo kulisondvo, ema-deflectortinsitaI-deflectorLesinye setivimbo tensimbi ku-apron letisakata libhola leliwako. Lamanye emagama: canoe, diamond, pin.Fundza konkhe → kanye nema-frettinsitaI-fretLukhuni lwensimbi loluhlukanisa imigodzi lemibili elisondvweni.Fundza konkhe → laphansi kungulokulungiswa kwelikhulu le-19 kulwa nebadlali lebase bafundze kubuka libhola. Licandza linye kuphela lushintjo lolwatsinta ematfuba, futsi lwawenta laba ncono.
Imibuto
Wenta tivivinyo ngemasondvo lajikelekako ngema-1650 ngaletinye tizatfu. Kutsi itsiwa ngeyakhe kuvela emasikweni, akubhalwanga phansi. Buka likhasi lakhe.
Beyinelayisensi ePalais-Royal kwate kwaba nga-1837, yase iyavinjelwa kwate kwaba nga-1907, lapho emakhasino emadolobheni emanti lashisako nasogwini lwelwandle aphindze avunyelwa.
Kute kushintjane imibala ngalokucinile futsi kusabalalise phansi/etulu nalengalingani/lelinganako. Kulandzelana lokucondzile kwanciswa ngelikhulu le-19 futsi akukashintji.
Bumnandi betibalo
Zama loku ngekwakho kucala. Sixazululo ngasinye sifihliwe; sivule nawukulungele.
I-Biribi beyibuyisela 64 nga-1 enombolweni yinye kuleti-70, kufaka nelinani lelibhejiwe: 63 ku-1. Leyo yinzuzo lengakanani? Nangabe beyinikete kubheja etinombolweni letimbili, nguyiphi inkhokheloimaliInkhokheloLoko lokubuyiswa kubheja lokuwinile, lokushiwo ngekutsi “X ku-1” ngetulu kwelinani lelibhejiwe lelibuyiswako.Fundza konkhe → lebeyitawugcina inzuzo lefanako?
Khombisa sixazululo
Imphendvulo Inzuzo ngu-6/70, 8.57%. Kubheja etinombolweni letimbili bekutawukhokha 31 ku-1, inombolo lephelele.
Inombolo yinye iwina kanye ekudvonsweni lokungu-70 futsi ikhokha emayunithiimaliLiyunithiLinani lelibhejwako lelisisekelo luhlelo noma umdlali lasebenta ngalo. Kwenyuswa kwelinani kuchazwa ngemayunithi kute kusebente kunoma ngumuphi litafula.Fundza konkhe → langu-63; kudvonswa lokunye lokungu-69 kulahlekelwa 1: (63 − 69)/70 = −6/70, inzuzo ya-8.57%. Ngalamanye emavi, libhange libuyisela 64 lapho umdlalo lolinganakotibaloUmdlalo lolinganakoUmdlalo lapho kute luhlangotsi lolunenzuzo: konkhe kubheja kunelinani lelilindzelekile lelingu-zero.Fundza konkhe → bewutawukhokha 70.
Kubheja etinombolweni letimbili nga-x ku-1 kuwina kabili ekudvonsweni lokungu-70: emayunithi langu-2x lawinwako nawucatsanisa nalangu-68 lalahlekile, linani lelilindzelekiletibaloLinani lelilindzelekileUmphumela wesilinganiso ngekubheja ngakunye ngekuhamba kwesikhatsi lesidze. −1/37 yelinani lelibhejiwe kuko konkhe kubheja lokujwayelekile kwaseYurophu.Fundza konkhe → la-(2x − 68)/70. Beka 2x − 68 = −6: x = 31. Loko kungu-32 lobuyako nga-1, incenye ya-64.
Tinkhokhelo te-Biribi tilandzela 64/n lobuyako nga-1, futsi 64 uyehlukaniswa kabili kahle etinombolweni letingu-1, 2, 4, 8, 16 na-32, ngako lokubheja kuphuma kuphelele. 36 we-roulette uyehlukaniseka nga-1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18 na-36, lokufanele lithebula lekubhejatinsitaLithebula lekubhejaLithebula lekubheja leliphrintiwe etafuleni. Lamanye emagama: litafula, i-felt, indvwangu.Fundza konkhe → lelinemigca yaletintsatfu.
Tinombolo letingu-70 te-Biribi, letibekwe ngemigca, beticocisa sikhala sekubheja lokune kwetinombolo letintsatfu. Ngemtsetfo longemuva kwenzuzo ya-8.57% yenombolo yinye, kubheja kwetinombolo letintsatfu kufanele kukhokhe malini? Tinkhokhelo letiphelele letisedvute betitawubita malini?
Khombisa sixazululo
Imphendvulo 20⅓ ku-1. Kukhokha 20 ku-1 bekutawubita 10%; kukhokha 21 ku-1, 5.71%.
Umtsetfo wemfumbe lengenhla: kubheja etinombolweni letingu-n kubuyisa 64/n nga-1. Etinombolweni letintsatfu loko kungu-64/3 = 21⅓ lobuyako, nobe 20⅓ ku-1, lekute lithokheniimaliLithokheniLuphawu lolumele linani lelingagucuki, lolubekwa kulithebula lekubheja kute ubheje. Lelinye ligama: check.Fundza konkhe → lelingakukhokha.
Kubheja kwetinombolo letintsatfu nga-x ku-1 kuwina tikhatsi leti-3 ekudvonsweni lokungu-70 bese kulahlekelwa tikhatsi leti-67: linani lelilindzelekile la-(3x − 67)/70. Nga-20 ku-1: −7/70, 10%. Nga-21 ku-1: −4/70, 5.71%.
Kwehlisa ngencenye yesitsatfu yeliyunithi kubita umdlali cishe liphuzu linye nencenye; kwenyusa kubuyisela cishe emaphuzu lamatsatfu. Emashumi lamatsatfu nesitfupha, lanetehlukanisi letinyenti, asindzisa i-roulette kulokukhetsa ekubhejeni ngakunye ngaphandle kwekubheja kwetinombolo letisihlanu kwaseMelika.
Lisondvo lelinelukhozi lekhulu leminyaka le-19 belinemigodzitinsitaUmgodziLesinye setikhala letingu-37 letinetinombolo ku-rotor. Kuphindze kutsiwe: slot, cup.Fundza konkhe → lengu-31, 1 kuya ku-28 kanye na-0, 00 nelukhozi, futsi belikhokha 27 nga-1 enombolweni yinye. Kubheja kwalo ku-likholamukubhejaLikholamuTinombolo letilishumi nakubili emgceni munye lome ngco kulithebula lekubheja, kukhokha 2:1.Fundza konkhe → nasemibaleni kubita 9.68%. Kubheja kwetinombolo letine kufanele kukhokhe malini, “nga-1”, kute kubite lokufanako?
Khombisa sixazululo
Imphendvulo 7 nga-1, lokubita 3/31 = 9.68%.
Kubheja lokukhokha X nga-1 kubuyisa emayunithi langu-X, kufaka nelinani lelibhejiwe, nakuwina. Kubheja kwetinombolo letine kuwina tikhatsi leti-4 ku-31, ngako kubuyisa emayunithi langu-4X kulangu-31 ngamunye lobhejiwe: linani lelilindzelekile la-(4X − 31)/31.
Nga-7 nga-1 loko kungu-−3/31, 9.68%, lokufanako nemakholamu nemibala. Nga-8 nga-1 bekutawuba ngu-+1/31, inzuzo yemdlali. Ngako umtsetfo welisondvo lelinelukhozi bewu-(28 − n)/n ku-1, imigodzi lemitsatfu yelikhasino kulengu-31.
Lokuhlekisako
Lisondvo laseNgilandi, lithebula lase-Italy, ligama lesiFulentjhi, emacandza lamabili.
Imitfombo
- Lablée, J. La Roulette, ou le Jour.
- Kavanagh, T. M. Dice, Cards, Wheels: A Different History of French Culture.
- Schwartz, D. G. Roll the Bones: The History of Gambling.
- Bollman, M. Mathematics of the Big Four Casino Table Games: Blackjack, Baccarat, Craps, & Roulette.
- Shelley, R. Roulette Wheel Study.
- Dictionnaire de l’Académie française, kushicilelwa kwesi-4.