I-roulette yaseMonte Carlo
Likhasino lelaguculela umbuso lomncane kakhulu waba likhaya lelisondvo lelinelicandza linye.
Lavulwa nga-1863 ngaphansi kwaFrançois Blanc, i-Casino de Monte-Carlo yenta lisondvo laseYurophu laba sijwayelo selivekati futsi yanika i-roulette tindzaba tayo letidvume kakhulu, kusukela kulisondvo lelichemile laJagger kuya etinombolweni letimnyama letingu-26 tanga-1913.
Kungani iMonaco
Ngema-1850 iMonaco beyilidvwala lelase lishonile lelinenkhosana, sigodlo futsi lete timboni. Kugembula bekuvinjelwa kuto tonkhe tifundza taseJalimane, lapho emakhasino etindzawo temanti lashisako bekachuma khona. Inkhosana Charles III yanika imvume yelikhasino nga-1856; imitamo yekucala yehluleka ngenca yekungabi khona kwalojantji welitimela nemgwaco. François Blanc, lowabe enta iBad Homburg yadvuma, watsenga imvume nga-1863, wakha i-Société des Bains de Mer, wancenga kutsi kwakhiwe lojantji welitimela lusuka eNice, futsi waphatsa sigodzi lesisha ngekutsi yi-Monte Carlo ngeligama lenkhosana. Likhasino laseka umbuso ngalokuphelele kangangekutsi intsela yemali lengenako yacedvwa nga-1869 futsi ayikaze ibuye.
Licandza linye njengemgomo
Blanc waletsa lisondvo lelinelinye licandzalisondvoLicandzaUmgodzi munye loluhlata longambonjwa kubheja lokulingana nemali, kwelidazini noma kwelikholamu; umtfombo wenzuzo yelikhasino. Kuphindze kutsiwe: licandza linye, 0.Fundza konkhe → lisuka eHomburg. E-Monte Carlo bekungasilo lisu lekuncintisana kodvwa bekusijwayelo: onkhe ematafula, onkhe emalanga. Badlali labavela yonkhe indzawo eYurophu bafundza umdlalo we-roulette we-Monte Carlo nga-2.70% futsi bawulindzela nakuletinye tindzawo, yingako licandza lelikabiliinhloboLicandza lelikabiliUmgodzi wa-00 welisondvo laseMelika. Kuba khona kwawo kukhulisa inzuzo yelikhasino kusuka ku-2.70% kuya ku-5.26%.Fundza konkhe → lisekhona kuphela lapho i-Monte Carlo ingakaze ibeke khona sijwayelo.
Imvume yekucala yelikhasino eMonaco. Iyehluleka: kute umgwaco, kute lojantji welitimela, badlali bambalwa.
François Blanc uyatsatsa. Kusungulwa i-Société des Bains de Mer.
Lojantji welitimela lusuka eNice uyavulwa. Tivakashi tifika ngetitimela letigcwele.
Intsela yemali lengenako icedvwa eMonaco.
Joseph Jagger utfola kuchema emasondvweni futsi uwina umcebo; likhasino litfutsa emasondvo alo, bese liyawashintja.
Charles Wells “wephula libhange” kanyenti ngemalanga lambalwa, ngenhlanhla nangeluhlelo angazange aluchaze.
Tinombolo letimnyama letingu-26 tilandzelana. Liphutsa lemgembuli litfola lelinye ligama lalo.
I-Casino de Monte-Carlo ilahlekelwa kuba nguyo yodvwa lekugembula e-Riviera njengoba emakhasino aseFulansi aphindze avula.
Kwephula libhange
Litafula ngalinye le-roulette e-Monte Carlo belinemali lelondvoloziwe, “libhange”. Nangabe umdlali awina ngetulu kwaleyo mali, litafula belembeswa ngendvwangu lemnyamakubhejaMnyamaKubheja lokulingana nemali etinombolweni letingu-18 letimnyama. NgesiFulentji: noir.Fundza konkhe → ngesikhatsi kulandvwa lenye imali: libhange “laphulwa”. Loku bekwenteka njalo futsi bekukukhangisa lokuhle kakhulu; bekungasho kutsi likhasino lilahlekelwe yimali sekukonkhe, kodvwa kutsi imali yelitafula linye seyiphelile. Charles Wells wakwenta kanyenti nga-1891 ngeluchungechunge lolumangalisako, waba yingoma yetindlu tekudlala, futsi walahlekelwa yingcenye yako ngalobo busika.
Tindzaba
Lisondvo lelichemilelilabhorethriLisondvo lelichemileLisondvo lapho tici talo temtimba tenta leminye imigodzi ibe nematfuba langetulu kwa-1/37. Kuyindlalane, kutfolakala kuphela ngekujikeleta lokutinkhulungwane lokubhaliwe.Fundza konkhe → laJoseph Jagger (cishe nga-1880), Wells (1891) netinombolo letimnyama letingu-26 (1913) konkhe kwentekela lapha, futsi ngakunye kuvela kulikhasi lako. Litiko lekukhangisa lelikhasino, lebelisembili kunesikhatsi salo, laciniseka kutsi kubikwa ngako konkhe emaphephandzabeni aseLondon. Inganekwane yendzawo lapho kuwinwa khona imicebo yatsengisa emathikithi elitimela lamanyenti kunanoma nguyiphi inchazelo yeliciniso nge-2.70%.
Umdlalo we-roulette we-Monte Carlo lamuhla
Likhasino lisasebenta, futsi i-roulette isesemkhatsini welikamelo lelikhulu, ngemasondvo lanelicandza linye nemitsetfo yaseFulansi (la partageumtsetfoLa partageUmtsetfo wesiFulentji: nangabe kuphuma licandza, sigamu selinani lelibhejiwe ekubhejeni lokulingana nemali siyabuyiswa. Kwehlisa inzuzo yelikhasino ngesigamu kulokubheja kuye ku-1.35%.Fundza konkhe → noma en prisonumtsetfoEn prisonUmtsetfo wesiFulentji: nangabe kuphuma licandza, kubheja lokulingana nemali kugcinwa kuze kube kujikeleta lokulandzelako esikhundleni sekulahleka. Kwehlisa inzuzo yelikhasino ngesigamu kulokubheja.Fundza konkhe → ekubheja lokulingana nemali). I-Société des Bains de Mer iseyinkampani lenkhulu yalombuso. Indlela ye-Monte Carlo etibalweni, leyaphatfwa ngu-Ulam na-von Neumann ngema-1940 ngeligama lelikhasino, ngiyo lesebentisa emasilingisi kulelisayithi.
Imibuto
Cha. Tivinjelwe kusukela ngelikhulu le-19; likhasino belingeletivakashi.
Lubikwa ngendlela lefanako emibikweni yakamuva; emarekhodi elikhasino ngekwalo alesikhatsi akakavezwa emphakatsini. LitfubatibaloLitfubaLitfuba lekutsi umphumela wenteke, kusukela ku-0 kuya ku-1 noma ku-0% kuya ku-100%. Inombolo yinye: 1/37 = 2.70%.Fundza konkhe → liyavumelana nekutsi kwenteke lapho kutsite eminyakeni lengemashumi lasihlanu yekudlala.
Malume waStanislaw Ulam bekagembula lapho; leligama bekulichoba lekukhetsa ngalokungahlelekile ku-Manhattan Project.
Lokuhlekisako
Libhange belaphulwa kanyenti. Likhasino belingakaze libe sengotini.
Imitfombo
- Schwartz, D. G. Roll the Bones: The History of Gambling.
- Barnhart, R. T. Beating the Wheel.
- Kavanagh, T. M. Dice, Cards, Wheels: A Different History of French Culture.